Cbse notes class-10th social science(geography) Chapter-4 Agriculture Type of Farming , Cropping Pattern, and Major Crops Agriculture means land cultivation.It also includes animal husbandry and Fishing. →At present in different parts of India, the types of farming being carried out are primitive subsistence farming , intensive subsistence farming, and commercial farming. →Primitive subsistence farming is characterised by small and scattered landholding and use of primitive tools. The farmers do not use fertilisers and high-yield varieties of seeds. →Intensive subsistence farming is carried out in the areas with high population pressure on land . Irrigation, fertilisers, and pesticides are used to get maximum output from limited land .Various machines are introduced. →Commercial farming is characterized by use of higher doses of modern inputs in order to obtain higher productivity. →Plantation farming, a form of commercial farming , involves growing of a single crop on a large area. →I

Chapter -15 Notes Our Environment  •Everything that surrounds us is environment. It includes both living(biotic) and non-living (abiotic)Components. •Interaction between these biotic and abiotic components forms an ecosystem. •In an ecosystem living components depends on each other for their food which give rise to food chains and food webs in nature. •Human activities lead to environment problems such as depletion of ozone layer and production of huge amount of garbage. Ecosystem All the interacting organisms in an area together with the non-living constituents of the environment from an ecosystem.Eg forest , pond etc. Types of ecosystem: It Is of two types: (a) Natural ecosystem: The ecosystem which exist in nature on its own.Eg forest, lake, Ocean. (b) Artifical ecosystem: Man -made ecosystem are called artificial ecosystem.Eg , crop field, aquarium, garden. (a)Abiotic Components: All the non-living components such as air, land ,  water, light, temperature etc.Form the components. (

Chapter-13 Magnetic Effects of Electric •Magnet is any substance that attracts iron or non-iron like substances. Property of Magnet •Every magnet has two poles I.e , North and south. •like poles repel each other. •Unlike poles attracts each other. •A freely suspended bar magnet aligns itself in nearly north-south direction , with its north pole towards north direction. Magnetic field:  The area around a magnetic in which its magnetic force can be experienced (fell). •Its SI unit is Testa (T) •Magnetic field has both magnitude and direction. •Magnetic field can be described with the help of a magnetic compass. •The needle of a magnetic compass is a freely suspended bar magnet. Characteristics of field lines (I)Field lines arise from north pole and end into south pole of the magnet. (II)Field lines are closed curves. (III)Field lines are closer in stronger magnetic Field. (IV)Field lines never intersect each other as for two lines to intersect, three must be two north directions at a po

Source of Energy Notes •Energy comes in different forms and one form can be converted into another. •A source of energy is one which provide adequate amount of energy in a convenient form over a long period of time. Need of energy: • For making Food. • For lightening . • For transport . • For  running machines. • For industrial activities and agricultural work. Qualities of a Good Source of energy 1. which would do a large amount of work per unit mass. 2. Cheap and easily available. 3. Easy to store and transport. 4. Safe to handle and use. 5. Does not cause environmental pollution. Fuels: The materials which are burn to produce heat energy are known  as Fuels E.g wood, cool, LPG, Kerosence. Characteristics of a good fuel • High calorific value (give more heat per unit mass). • Burn without giving out any smoke or harmful gases. • Proper ignition temperature  • cheap and easily  available • Easy to handle , safe to transport. • Convenient to store. • Burn smoothly.     Sourc